THE RED BRIGADES APPEAR: FACTORY ACTIONS
The first stage of the armed struggle was one of propaganda actions, not directed to Italian society at large, but organically growing out of the existing workers' struggle.
The Red Brigades were rooted in the Italian working class. This fact, which imperialism has worked to conceal, was the explanation for their political strength and fearless militancy. At the first large trial of BR prisoners in 1978, the defendants issued a statement refuting all the misleading speculative gossip about their origins that had been slyly circulated by the bourgeois press, the intelligence agencies, and the revisionists:
"The Red Brigades were not born in the secret police office, nor in Moscow, nor in Washington, and not even in the University of Trento or in the Italian Communist Party federation of Reggio Emilia province. The Red Brigades simply sprang to life at the beginning of the 1970s from the advanced units of the working class... more specifically, the Red Brigades were born in Milan in the Pirelli plant."
In the early days, the Brigades held many lunch-time rallies in front of factories. A "liberated" car would pull up, with loudspeakers temporarily mounted on the roof, and several masked comrades spoke to the crowd of workers that gathered. They passed leaflets. Company guards or foremen trying to get close to the car found their way blocked. Just before the pigs arrived the car would zoom off to cheers. A study of the "Historic Nucleus", the first, founding wave of the BR, revealed that the majority of them were young working class men from the ages of 22 to 33. Among the first 172 persons arrested or indicted as BR members, by the end of 1977, there were only 21 former university students.
To grasp why the Italian proletariat produced advanced elements that embraced armed struggle, we can look at the FIAT Mirafiori auto works in Turin. There, within the gigantic 60,000-worker FIAT complex that was like a small city, the stamping plant ("presse") became known as a BR stronghold. "Presse" was officially a department, but it was really a factory itself. 8,800 men labored there, feeding the huge hydraulic-powered presses that stamped out FIAT's steel auto body panels. It was one of the lowest-ranking jobs in the complex. Working conditions were hard, dangerous. Noise from the ever-hammering presses was so severe, that every year one-third of presse workers had to be transferred out due to deafness.
Those were unskilled laboring jobs, paying 3rd level wages (lowest at FIAT). Many of the stamping plant workers were Southern immigrants. Unable to both send support money back home to their families and pay rent for themselves, some FIAT workers bought cheap round-trip train tickets every night, and slept on trains. Other FIAT workers slept in the train stations or other illegal shelters. Many auto workers lived in "hot bed" rooming houses, where 3 or 4 workers would share one bed in turns. It is not difficult to grasp these workers' understanding of imperialism.
On November 16, 1977, one Carlo Casalegno, deputy editor of the newspaper La Stampa in Turin (Italy's second-biggest newspaper), was executed by a BR unit. La Stampa is owned by FIAT, and Casalegno had eagerly taken up his bosses' special assignment to slander the emergent Red Brigades. He was notorious in turning out falsehoods and journalistic intrigues against the BR, who had warned him to either cease his dirty work or face the consequences. Casalegno's correction drew the ire of both the imperialists and the revisionists (who were engaged in Brigade slander of their own). The Italian Communist Party's (PCI) union called a brief, liberal protest strike in Turin to support "freedom of speech" and to condemn the Brigades for "terrorism". At the FIAT stamping plant, where the company encouraged the PCI's demonstration, 90% of the men refused to stop work. This was a shock to the bosses, revealing the depth of BR support.
Brigades activity at "Presse" was ever-present. BR leaflets were hung in washrooms and coffee machines, and stuffed inside lockers. Six particular managers from "Presse", zealous oppressors, were knee-capped (in this favored BR tactic, an offender would be stopped by a BR unit and shot in the leg, to make a public warning without creating a martyr). In January 1976, the security police captured a BR unit, which included a union activist from the FIAT stamping plant. This surprised the PCI, since the captured BR militant, Basone, had been in the PCI masquerading as a critic of the Brigades. It was clear that the Brigades not only had considerable support at FIAT, but had infiltrated and won over people within even the opposing structures. As of February 1982 the State had convicted 26 FIAT workers of being BR members, with 3 others having died in firefights. Of these 29 workers, some 14 were union delegates in the Catholic, Social-Democratic, or PCI unions (an additional 32 FIAT workers were either awaiting trial or had been arrested and released for insufficient evidence). And what was true at FIAT was also true at other factories'-at Alfa'Romeo, Lancia, Pirelli, Sit-Siemens and elsewhere.
The Red Brigades held their first public action in the spring of 1970: an unannounced rally in Lorenteggio, a proletarian neighborhood in Milan. At the end of August 1970, during a labor contract fight at Sit-Siemens, they distributed leaflets at the company's Piazza Zavattari plant. A week later, the Brigades distributed a leaflet at the Sit-Siemens Settimo Milan plant with a long list of scabs and others "tied to the bosses who had to be hit with proletarian revenge".
The first military actions of the Red Brigades took place, not surprisingly, inside the factories of Sit-Siemens and Pirelli tire corporation, where CPM and later SP held their strongest base. On September 17, 1970 the Brigades carried out their first armed action: a particular Sit-Siemens manager's car was set afire. The Brigades left their signature symbol, a five-pointed star, but no leaflet. However, no one thought it too significant: this sort of action was already common.
More importantly, in October and November of that year,the SP and BR led a pitched contract struggle at Pirelli. On November 27, 1970 and December 8, 1970, the BR set fire to the cars of the head of personnel and the head of security at Pirelli's Bicocca plant. This was to be Enrico Loriga's retribution, who as head of personnel, had fired a leading PCI union militant and ex-partisan leader, Della Torre.
COMMUNIQUE #3December 1, 1970
Della Torre, mechanic.
A good comrade: one of ours, 50 years old, two sons. Leading trade-union comrade of. the CGIL. 25 years of union activity. Partisan Commander (during the World War II Resistance--ed.). Led the struggles. They fired him. They did it together: first the bosses, then the unions. This firing has to do with all of us. It is not a private matter, it is a cowardly POLITICAL LINE which strikes all workers in struggle.
If it takes place without a firm answer from a united factory, if it takes place because of a cheap surrender by the unions and on our backs, then Pirelli and associates will have a free hand, from now on, to get rid of whoever raises their hand to demand their rights.
In the first communication we distributed, it said: "For every comrade they strike at during the struggle one of them will have to pay."
A comrade has been attacked.
And so one of them, precisely "the head of the list" (as many workers in the factory suggested) found his auto destroyed.
But it's not over.
We have said, in fact, "for one eye, two eyes..." and the Fiat 350 automobile of the spy Ermanno Pellegrini... is for us, much, much less than an eye. Without even considering that his real car is a white Giulia 1300 junior GT which he has for some time "inexplicably" kept jealously guarded in his garage.
But we are patient...!
If the spy Pellegrini were to FIRE HIMSELF then maybe the Peoples' tribunal will concede him a pardon. In any case Della Torre must return to work to continue the struggle of all the exploited against the bosses.
Collections, lawyers kindly offered by the union, gestures of "solidarity", these are not enough. So until Della Torre does not return the game between all us workers and the boss' servants and jailers must not and will not be closed. The list is long, imagination is not lacking.
For the communist revolution, Red Brigade. (1)
COMMUNIQUE #4December 11, 1970
In the second communique we said: "For every repressive action that the boss tries to carry out against the workers as a result of the struggle we are conducting we will answer according to the principle: for an eye, two eyes, for a tooth, the whole face."
Shortly afterwards a comrade of ours, Della Torre, was fired. So:
--Pellegrini after having found his car burned up HAS NOT BEEN SEEN AGAIN IN THE FACTORY. This big spy seems to have accepted the sentence handed down by the People's Tribunal in a "disciplined" way.
If this is so we will pardon him. In the meantime we remind him that siding with the bosses against the workers is becoming more and more expensive.
Then it was the turn of:
--Loriga Attorney Professor Enrico, the executioner who signed management's letter firing comrade Della Torre, who even though he parked his Alfa Romeo 1750 far away from his house, did not escape the execution of the verdict which the People's Tribunal issued for him as well.
At 1:05 pm Tuesday, December 8, 1970 (and not at night as the "Corriere della Sera" wrote) nothing was left of that auto but a little scrap-iron.
Two million (lire) up in smoke.
This is not the first time that the workers have, in their own way of course, shown their "recognition" for this new personality, the new hardliner of the contract talks. In fact, once already when he was head of personnel at Carbosarda (plant in Sardinia) as a result of the great "proletarian" merits he acquired, our Sardinian comrades of Carbonia after having hung a nice sign around his neck (like the IGNIS workers did with the fascist provocateurs in Trento) put him on a docile donkey and took him to "visit" the countryside, guarding him with a long line of marchers so nothing would happen to him.
A beautiful proletarian festival, in other words, which only those like him failed to understand.
Now we will give Professor Attorney Loriga some advice.
If he should have trouble getting to work to earn his cake there's always the little donkey toward which we promise clemency.
Whereas for the ass...!
And now two news items. Management has proletarianized the managers cars. In fact, it recently advised all the managers at Bicocca to take their precious big machines out of the underground parking lot and park them next to the broken down "utilitare" (the cheapest model Fiats made for workers) of the workers on the streets.
Just as management promised in their "communication to all managers." Here are their "appropriate measures"! One more proof of the fact that capital only protects its profits.
The second news item regards the "second on the list," the big spy Palmitessa, who for some time now has "fallen sick". We wish him a quick recovery.
Finally two words on basic questions. The active struggle against the bosses' repression, in the form of a direct attack on the personified structure of power, must not let us forget that the power structure bases itself not only on its servants, but also on "things" and on "production".
It is worth thinking about.
To conclude: --Della Torre in the factory. Pellegrini at home.
In the meantime accounts are not closed.
For the communist revolution. Red Brigade.
N.B.: The "Corriere della Sera" wants to make us think the auto suffered light damage.
Maybe Attorney Prof. Loriga is not of the same opinion! Red Brigade (2)
With these actions, the BR introduced itself, became well-known, to the workers of Pirelli. But outside of Pirelli little notice was taken. The general level of factory struggle was already quite high: what was to distinguish these torched manager cars among dozens, except by their small BR calling card? And in reaction: armed attacks by fascist gangs, beatings by company guards, were common as well. Italian workers developed an arsenal of novel tactics. Marches across the factory floor were both mini-strike and a method to physically drive out fascist thugs. Workers regularly demonstrated their control of the factory floor. Sabotage mushroomed. And the practice of "proletarian justice" was very widespread. As Continuous Struggle ("Lotta Continua") described the situation in its January 28, 1971 issue:
"After every action, every procession, every blockade of products, or blockade of office buildings, etc. every department is turned into a proletarian court: those workers who could have participated but did not were made to leave the factory. An example that illustrates this point: in one warehousing department it is learned that people worked on Sunday, 4 workers and 3 supervisors. A discussion is held and the scabs are 'suspended': 2 days suspension for the workers and 3 days for the bosses. 3 days for the supervisors because they are bosses and because during the discussion one of them showed a lack of respect for the workers saying he didn't give a damn what they said... It is not only a matter of maintaining unity: the workers learn to exercise power and take pleasure in doing so."
The Red Brigades introduced themselves to the rest of Italy on January 25, 1971. On that date, a BR commando planted 8 timed firebombs under 8 trucks parked on the Pirelli tire testing track, in the Lainate neighborhood of Milan. Only 3 went off, but the next day Italy's leading newspaper, the Corriere Della Sera, ran a big 5-column article on the BR describing them as "a phantom extra'parliamentary organization". The PCI's newspaper L'Unita also ran its first article, attacking the BR as "provocateurs" and inciting the workers to take vigilante action against them.
The BR left a leaflet at the testing track, reproduced below. It includes a self-criticism for technical errors, which caused the bomb malfunctions, but points out they still caused 20 million lire worth of damage (about $25,000 in 1971):
COMMUNIQUE #6February 5, 1971
--Della Torre in the factory
--contract
--pay cuts
--MacMahon
Piazza Fontana (the fascist terror-bombing massacre--ed.), Pinelli, cops who kill, comrades in jail, Della Torre and many others fired, gangs of fascist thugs protected by the police, judges-politicians-governors, servants of the bosses...
These are the instruments of Violence that the bosses turn against the working class to squeeze it more and more.
Asking us to struggle respecting the laws of the bosses is like asking us to cut off our balls!
But one thing is sure: we will not turn back! We will continue with more advanced forms of struggle on the road already chosen: attack production, lots of damage for the bosses, little cost to us.
We have already begun to take the first steps on this path.
Monday night January 26, on the tire testing track at Lainate, 3 Pirelli trucks were burned. 20 million gone up in smoke!
From a "technical" point of view this action was not good and 5 other trucks were left undamaged. But one learns by making mistakes and the next time we will know how to do better...
The bosses have made their calculations poorly. The intensification of their violence, cannot help but make the intensity of our attack grow. Until they cancel the new provision and reimburse us for the money they've stolen, their accounts will not return...
In Milan, Rome, Trento, Reggio Calabria the bosses are using police and armed fascists.
Processions, "solidarity" and various kinds of petitions can only lead us to defeat.
We have begun to strike persons and "things". We forced Pellegrini, one of the bosses' pigs, to fire himself. Some other pigs, seeing how things stand shit on themselves.
It must be made very clear: We will continue on this road!
Why MacMahon as well?
The boss that squeezes us in the factory is the same boss that increases the cost of living, who does not permit us to have a decent home without stealing back those few lire we extract from him through hard struggle.
Those families forced to occupy the houses on via Mac Mahon, which they've already paid for with their taxes, did it to remove themselves and their children from the unhealthy shacks of the infamous "centers for the evicted".
The bosses have answered them with the violence of tear gas and police truncheons.
At Lainate we struck the same boss that exploits us in the factory and makes our life insufferable on the outside.
Who are the provocateurs?
The bosses are always the provocateurs.
Provocateur is Leopoldo Pirelli, via Borgonuovo #18, tel. 651-421-Milan, who, kidding himself that he could stop the struggle which strikes at his power with ever growing force, set fire to the warehouses at Bicocca and Settimo Torinese.
He hopes to kill two birds with one stone this way: kill the struggle by blaming it for things it hasn't done and get the insurance company to pay for new buildings.
Provocation is a weapon the bosses will never stop using.
But the bosses and their "useful idiots" should not fool themselves, because the working class by now knows how to distinguish clearly between the just violence of the proletariat in struggle and the dumb criminal violence of the bosses!
For the Communist Revolution. Red Brigade.(3)
Continuous Struggle ("Lotta Continua"), the biggest of the extra-parliamentary New Left groups, was critical of the BR's first actions. In its newspaper, they criticized them as "not a mass action", as "only exemplary", said that BR actions were "objectively a provocation". The criticism argued that "the military organization of the masses is not built by some group carrying out military actions" but by "the creation of stable and autonomous mass political organizations". Continuous Struggle concluded that the BR's actions were only helping the fascists, were an obstacle to the growth of proletarian autonomy, and predicted that they would be isolated by the workers themselves and the revolutionary vanguards.
Despite this peculiar united front (the bourgeoisie, the revisionists, and the largest New Left group) against the early BR, the Milan working class rank and file openly approved of the sabotage at Lainate. Just as earlier they approved of the actions at Pirelli. And theirs were the voices that counted.
FOOTNOTES
(1) Re Nudo, #4, April 1971
(2) Ibid.
(3) Ibid.
